Germanio

Germanium
32Ge
Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn Periodic table gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Panagway
grayish-white A 12 gram (2x3 cm) polycrystalline block of Ge with uneven cleaved surfaces
Kinatibuk-ang mga kinaiya
Ngalan, simbolo, kaiphan	germanium, Ge, 32
Paglitok	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|jər-Plantilya:Smallcaps all-nee-əm]]
Kategoriyang elemento	metalloid
Group, period, block	14, 4, p
Gibug-aton sa atomo	72.63(1)
Kontorno sa elektron	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 2, 8, 18, 4 Electron shells of germanium (2, 8, 18, 4)
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Pagkadiskobre	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Physical properties
Phase	magahi
Density (near r.t.)	5.323 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.60 g·cm−3
Melting point	1211.40 K, 938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F
Boiling point	3106 K, 2833 °C, 5131 °F
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	2.01 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 762 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1537.5 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 3302.1 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	diamond cubic
Magnetic ordering	Diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 1 Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 5400 m·s−1
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS registry number	7440-56-4
Band gap energy at 300 K	0.67 eV
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of germanium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε - 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε - 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− 2.039 76Se

Ang germanio (Iningles germanium) mao ang elementong kimiko sa talaang peryodiko nga may simbolo nga Ge ug kaiphan nga atomik 32. Ang germanio mao ang metalloid.

Galeriya sa hulagway

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